Solution 22

In the following list, the morpheme boundaries are marked by slashes inserted into the words.

  1. teach/er/s
  2. dis/respect/ful
  3. back/bit/ing*
  4. loath/some
  5. laugh/ing/ly
  6. serious
  7. be/come/s
  8. linguist/ic/s
  9. derivation/al
  10. Japan/ese**
  11. anti/dis/establish/ment/ari/an/ism***
  12. ham/burg/er****

* The missing <e> of bite does not matter, as it is a silent letter.

** Although the pronunciation of Japan is different in this form, it would be identified as a morpheme, with this particular pronunciation of Japan being an allomorph of the morpheme Japan.

*** The word has been called the longest word in English. It refers to the movement (-ism) against (anti-) the withdrawal of special state patronage (disestablishment) from a church. The change of <y> into is not a problem as it only concerns the written form, and the change in pronunciation could be treated like that of Japan in the example above.

**** This is the most difficult case. One might analyze it as ham/burg/er or ham/burger or hamburg/er or hamburger, but all are fraught with problems: Is there an identifiable morpheme /burg/ in English? Is there ham in a hamburger? If a hamburger is derived from Hamburg, is a cheeseburger derived from Cheeseburg? If hamburger is not analyzable, does the same apply to cheeseburger? In a way, the example shows the limits of a purely synchronic morphological analysis. The emergence of forms such as hamburger, burger and cheeseburger can probably only be understood if the historical dimension is taken into consideration.