Jean Aitchison Part 3

For most of the 20th century, synchronic linguistics was considered to be … (p. 38)

	prior to diachronic linguistics
	subordinate to diachronic linguistics
	on a par with diachronic linguistics
	interrelated with diachronic linguistics

According to JA, it is the neglect of the importance of variation and … which has made it difficult to observe language change in progress (p.41).

	vocabulary
	Irish English
	intonation
	fuzziness

Labov found variation … (p. 44)

	between salespeople and customers at Macy´s
	between younger and older salespeople at Saks
	between ground floor and upper floor at Saks
	between men and women at Macy´s

Besides the inclusion of /r/, Labov also investigated … (p.46)

	the variation in the pronunciation of –ing as /in/ or /i?/ in walking, talking, etc.
	the occurrence of the glottal stop in football, what, etc.
	the wide range of vowels in words such as more, door, bad, back, etc.
	the gramamticalisation of words of wishing

One of the difficulties Lesley Milroy was facing in Belfast was that … (p. 50)

	she herself could not understand the interviewees because of their accents
	the people she was observing would often remain silent for long stretches of time
	the interviewees intuitively felt she was not ´a friend of a friend´, but an investigator
	many speakers, especially older speakers, used to digress from the topic